二五、得國(guó)際睦誼會(huì)征文獎(jiǎng)金

（七月十二日追記）

有國(guó)際睦誼會(huì)（American Association for International Conciliation）懸賞征文，擬題凡四。其一為“Is there a substitute for force in international relations？”吾以此題可借以發(fā)表吾一年來(lái)對(duì)于武力問(wèn)題之思想變遷，故作一文投之。作文之時(shí)，適君武先生在此，日夜不得暇，每至半夜以后，客散人靜時(shí)，始得偷閑為之，草草完篇。但以既已作始，不欲棄置之，初不作奢望也。然此文竟得獎(jiǎng)金百元，則真可謂倘來(lái)之財(cái)矣。

此文受安吉爾與杜威兩先生的影響最大，大旨約略如下：

IS THERE A SUBSTITUTE FOR FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL REIATIONS？

Ⅰ．(1) "A substitute for force" meaning a substitute which shall not involve a use of force—such a substitute there is none.

(2) Even the doctrine of non-resistance can only mean that, as Dewey points out, "under given conditions, passive resistance is more effective resistance than overt resistance would be. "

(3) The real problem is to seek a more economical and therefore more efficient way of employing force：a substitute for the present crude form and wasteful use of force.

Ⅱ．(1) What is the trouble with the world is not that force prevails, but that force does not prevail. The present war, which is the greatest display of force ever undertaken by mankind, has only resulted in a dead lock. Has force prevailed？

(2) Why force has not prevailed？Because force has been wasted. Force has been so used as to create for itself a host of rival forces which tend to cancel itself.Under the present system, force is employed to resist force and is canceled in the process of mutual resistance and results in total waste and sterility.

(3) In order that force may prevail, it must be organized and regulated and directed toward some common object.

(4) Government by law is an example of organized force.

(5) Organization of force avoids waste and secures efficiency.

(6) The organizing of the forces of the nations for the enforcement of international law and peace.

Ⅲ．Some details of the plan.

〔中譯〕

解決國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端有武力之外的方式嗎？

Ⅰ．（1）“武力之替代物”一語(yǔ)，即意味著該替代物不包括武力之使用，因而如此的替代物是沒(méi)有的。

（2）正如杜威所指出，就連不抵抗主義的學(xué)說(shuō)也能明白，“在一定的條件下，消極抗?fàn)幰裙_(kāi)抗?fàn)幐鼮橛行А薄?

（3）真正的問(wèn)題在于尋找一種更為經(jīng)濟(jì)因而更為有效的使用武力的方法，一種能替代現(xiàn)下粗野、浪費(fèi)的武力使用方法之方法。

Ⅱ．（1）這個(gè)世界所遇到的麻煩并不在于武力占了上風(fēng)，恰恰在于武力不占上風(fēng)。今天的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使用了前所未有的強(qiáng)大的武力，但其結(jié)果只是鑄成了一把打不開(kāi)的死鎖。難道武力能說(shuō)是占了上風(fēng)嗎？

（2）為什么武力未占上風(fēng)？其原因在于它只是被白白浪費(fèi)掉了。武力使用只是為自己樹(shù)了一大幫結(jié)為死仇的敵手。在現(xiàn)今的體制下，武力與武力相對(duì)抗，并在相互對(duì)抗中遭到消滅，從而毫無(wú)用處地白白浪費(fèi)。

（3）為使武力得以占上風(fēng)，必須組織起來(lái)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，將其引向某個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)。

（4）合法政府是將武力組織起來(lái)的一個(gè)例證。

（5）武力之組織避免了浪費(fèi)，并取得成效。

（6）把各國(guó)武力組織起來(lái)，強(qiáng)制推行國(guó)際間的法律和和平。

Ⅲ．計(jì)劃的一些細(xì)節(jié)。