計(jì)算機(jī)考研專(zhuān)業(yè)課：計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理一本通（考點(diǎn)詳解+習(xí)題全解 啟航計(jì)算機(jī)考研專(zhuān)業(yè)課系列）

目 錄
第 1 章 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)概述 ···················· 1.
1.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ································· 1
1.1.1 考研解讀 ························ 1.
1.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ························ 1.
1.2 計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展歷程與分類(lèi) ······ 2.
1.3 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng) ····························· 3.
1.3.1 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的組成 ········· 3.
1.3.2 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的層次
結(jié)構(gòu) ································ 4.
1.3.3 計(jì)算機(jī)的軟件 ················· 4.
1.3.4 存儲(chǔ)程序思想與
馮·諾依曼計(jì)算機(jī) ········· 5.
1.3.5 計(jì)算機(jī)的硬件組成 ········· 6.
1.3.6 計(jì)算機(jī)的指令執(zhí)行
過(guò)程 ································ 7.
1.4 計(jì)算機(jī)的性能指標(biāo) ·················· 8.
1.5 本章習(xí)題 ······························· 10.
1.6 習(xí)題參考答案 ······················· 12.
第 2 章 運(yùn)算器 ································ 14
2.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ······························· 14.
2.1.1 考研解讀 ······················ 14.
2.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ······················ 14.
2.2 知識(shí)講解 ······························· 15.
2.2.1 基本概念 ······················ 15.
2.2.2 進(jìn)制系統(tǒng) ······················ 15.
2.2.3 定點(diǎn)數(shù)表示和運(yùn)算 ······· 16.
2.2.4 浮點(diǎn)數(shù)表示和運(yùn)算 ······· 24.
2.2.5 IEEE 754 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ·············· 27.
2.2.6 運(yùn)算器 ·························· 29.
2.2.7 校驗(yàn)碼 ·························· 31.
2.3 本章習(xí)題 ······························· 35.
2.4 習(xí)題參考答案 ························ 40.
第 3 章 主存儲(chǔ)器····························· 47
3.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ······························· 47.
3.1.1 考研解讀 ······················ 47.
3.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ······················ 48.
3.2 知識(shí)講解 ······························· 49.
3.2.1 基本概念 ······················ 49.
3.2.2 存儲(chǔ)器的分類(lèi) ·············· 49.
3.2.3 存儲(chǔ)器的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu) ······ 51.
3.2.4 半導(dǎo)體隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器和
只讀存儲(chǔ)器 ·················· 52.
3.2.5 主存儲(chǔ)器與 CPU 的
連接與控制 ·················· 55.
3.2.6 雙端口 RAM 和多體
模塊存儲(chǔ)器 ·················· 58.
3.2.7 主存—Cache 系統(tǒng) ······· 60.
3.2.8 虛擬存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng) ·············· 70.
3.3 本章習(xí)題 ······························· 75.
3.4 習(xí)題參考答案 ························ 88
第 4 章 指令系統(tǒng)··························· 107
4.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 107.
4.1.1 考研解讀 ···················· 107.
4.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 107.
4.2 機(jī)器指令 ····························· 108.
4.3 定長(zhǎng)指令格式和變長(zhǎng)指令
格式 ····································· 109.
4.4 尋址方式 ····························· 112.
4.4.1 尋址方式概述 ············ 112.
4.4.2 指令尋址 ···················· 112.
計(jì)算機(jī)考研專(zhuān)業(yè)課——計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理一本通（考點(diǎn)詳解＋習(xí)題全解）
IV
4.4.3 數(shù)據(jù)尋址 ···················· 113.
4.5 復(fù)雜指令系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)和
精簡(jiǎn)指令系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī) ·········· 118.
4.6 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 119.
4.7 習(xí)題參考答案 ····················· 124.
第 5 章 中央處理器（CPU） ········ 129
5.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 129.
5.1.1 考綱解讀 ···················· 129.
5.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 129.
5.2 CPU 的功能和組成 ············· 130.
5.2.1 CPU 的組成和結(jié)構(gòu) ···· 130.
5.2.2 CPU 中的寄存器 ········ 131.
5.2.3 CPU 的功能和數(shù)據(jù)
通路 ···························· 132.
5.3 控制的設(shè)計(jì)原理 ················· 135.
5.3.1 CPU 的控制方式 ········ 135.
5.3.2 微程序控制器的原理
和設(shè)計(jì) ························ 136.
5.3.3 組合邏輯控制器的
原理和設(shè)計(jì) ················· 140.
5.4 指令流水線 ························· 140.
5.4.1 指令執(zhí)行方案 ············· 140.
5.4.2 指令流水線 ················· 141.
5.4.3 流水線的性能指標(biāo) ····· 142.
5.4.4 影響流水線性能的
因素 ···························· 143.
5.4.5 超流水線技術(shù) ············· 144.
5.5 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 146.
5.6 習(xí)題參考答案 ····················· 154.
第 6 章 總線 ·································· 162
6.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 162.
6.1.1 考研解讀 ···················· 162.
6.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 162.
6.2 總線概述 ····························· 163.
6.2.1 基本概念 ···················· 163.
6.2.2 總線的分類(lèi) ················ 163.
6.2.3 總線的組成 ················ 164.
6.2.4 總線的性能指標(biāo) ········ 164.
6.2.5 總線的連接結(jié)構(gòu) ········ 165.
6.2.6 總線的特性 ················ 167.
6.3 總線仲裁 ····························· 167.
6.3.1 集中仲裁 ···················· 167.
6.3.2 分布仲裁 ···················· 169.
6.4 總線通信控制 ······················ 170.
6.4.1 總線信息傳送過(guò)程 ···· 170.
6.4.2 總線的定時(shí)方式 ········ 170.
6.5 總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ····························· 172.
6.5.1 系統(tǒng)總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ············ 172.
6.5.2 設(shè)備總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
（外部總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） ···· 173.
6.6 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 173.
6.7 習(xí)題參考答案 ······················ 178.
第 7 章 輸入/輸出系統(tǒng) ·················· 183
7.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 183.
7.1.1 考研解讀 ···················· 183.
7.1.2 知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 184.
7.2 基本概念 ····························· 184.
7.3 外部設(shè)備 ····························· 185.
7.4 I/O 接口 ······························· 188.
7.5 I/O 控制方式 ······················· 190.
7.5.1 程序查詢(xún)方式 ············ 190.
7.5.2 程序中斷方式 ············ 191.
7.5.3 直接存儲(chǔ)器存取
方式 ···························· 198.
7.5.4 I/O 通道控制方式 ······ 201.
7.5.5 I/O 處理機(jī) ·················· 203.
7.6 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 203.
7.7 習(xí)題參考答案 ······················ 211